Artist: Lisa Reinke, “Hymn to the Masses”
Democracy and Its Alternatives: The Origins of Israel’s Current Crises (2024) is a multi-pronged initiative on the history of Israeli Democracy that is co-sponsored by CJH and Brandeis University’s Schusterman Center for Israel Studies.
This year, CJH has partnered with Brandeis University’s Schusterman Center for Israel Studies to sponsor a series of interrelated initiatives on the history of Israel. On April 7-8, 2024, it sponsored the in-person symposium Democracy and Its Alternatives: The Origins of Israel’s Current Crises at Brandeis University. The symposium was the inaugural event of Brandeis’s Institute for Advanced Israel Studies. The program and recordings are now available for public viewing. Also available are a series of podcasts involving some of the participants from this year’s cohort of visiting fellows at Brandeis sponsored by the Tel Aviv Review. A series of blog posts featuring the research agendas of this year’s fellows is also available on CJH’s blog, The Word.
When asked about the Oslo peace process, the Israeli settler and peace activist Rabbi Menachem Froman quoted the Hamas founder Imam Ahmad Yassin, with whom he met several times: “[Oslo was] an agreement between our heretics and your heretics to subdue religion” and thus doomed to failure.
Religion has seen an incredible resurgence as a political force around the globe in recent decades. Evangelical Christianity in the United States, Hinduism in India, and political Islam across the Middle East, have caused major shifts in political alignments. The same is true in Israeli and Palestinian society, where religious parties, sometimes dogmatic, extreme, and violent, are shaping the Israeli and Palestinian policies and strategies.
Peacebuilding efforts often sideline people of faith. Some people assume that religion is an impediment to peacemaking, and that religious institutions have no role to play in any sort of solution. Others reluctantly acknowledge the existence of religion in the conflict, but see it as an obstacle to overcome. Are other approaches possible? What if religious voices could enhance, or even improve upon liberal, democratic values? This evening is dedicated to these conversations, with Jewish and Palestinian activists, scholars, and people of faith working to build a better future for the region.
Khaled Abu Awwad is among the foremost figures in the Palestinian community working toward peace and reconciliation between Palestinians and Israelis. He has been a part of the founding of three groundbreaking organizations, including Roots. He is the Palestinian co-director of Roots, a grassroots movement of understanding, nonviolence, and transformation among Israelis and Palestinians. Mr. Abu Awwad has been awarded various international prizes for his projects including the UNESCO Madanjeet Singh Prize for the promotion of nonviolence and tolerance in 2011, and was named one of the 500 most influential Muslims in 2010 by the Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Center.
Mikhael Manekin is a co-founder and the director of the Alliance Fellowship program, an Arab-Jewish political network in Israel devoted to promoting civic equality. He is the former executive director of Breaking the Silence, an Israeli military veterans’ group focused on educating the public as to the results of military control of the West Bank and Gaza. Mr. Manekin is also a co-founder and one of the leaders of the Faithful Left, a movement of religious Jews promoting equality through the language of Jewish faith and tradition. His book "End of Days, Ethics, Tradition and Power in Israel," first published in Hebrew in 2021, was released in English in 2023 by Academic Studies Press. He is currently a Religion and Public Life Fellow in Conflict and Peace at the Harvard University School of Divinity, and a Visiting Research Fellow at the Kogod Research Center at the Shalom Hartman Institute.
Pnina Pfeuffer is a Haredi feminist and human rights activist, trained in organizational behavior and public policy. She founded and manages Haredim Hahadashim ("The New Haredim"), a grassroots organization that coalesces a network of over 90 community organizers, activists, and leaders, to strengthen democratic and progressive values. She also served as a board member for 0202, a joint Israeli-Palestinian organization, and as a liaison for Ir Amim (“City of Nations” or “City of Peoples”), where she initiated an annual peacebuilding program for the Haredi community to learn about the issues facing East Jerusalem.
These panel discussions examined perspectives on the current crisis in the context of its Ottoman and British legacy, the context of Israeli democracy, and then thinking about the "day after".
What aspects of pre-1948 history sowed the seeds for what we are witnessing today? Are there any precedents to help us understand current events? Are we witnessing any residues of Ottoman or British imperial or colonial legacies? What political or intellectual alternatives existed that might have led us down different paths? Do any of them offer wisdom for our current moment?
Pennsylvania State University
Tel Aviv University
Tel Aviv University
Johns Hopkins University
Before October 7, Israel was riven by protests over its democratic character. Observers often wonder how to interpret the current moment: Is Israel at its core a liberal democracy that is experiencing an existential crisis? Or is extreme ethno-nationalism Israel's true face? Of course, neither picture is complete; there is no one true core of Israeli political thought, but rather many diverse strands that have competed with and transformed each other over more than a century. This panel will explore the complicated relationship between the State of Israel and the idea of democracy.
Utrecht University
Harvard University
University of Georgia
The Van Leer Jerusalem Institute
Israel in 2023 faced a litany of crises, but most acutely felt was the judicial reform and the October 7 attack and resulting war in Gaza. While the fallout from these events will take years to fully understand, there are already multiple plans for the “day after” from various domestic and international players. Can we understand the events of 2023 as heralding a new phase in Israeli History, or the culmination of 75 years (or more) of tensions?
University of Texas at Austin
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Tel Aviv University
The Century Foundation
Ahmad Agbaria is a scholar of political violence, social order after empire, and decolonization in the Arab world. His first book is "The Politics of Arab Authenticity (Columbia University Press 2022), and he has published papers in "Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East" and "Global Intellectual History." He teaches courses on the history of Israel, the Arab-Israeli conflict, and change and reform in the Arab world. His research focuses on the breakup of the Ottoman Empire, the politics of the Arab self, and state violence. In particular, he is interested in demonstrating how social institutes gave rise to new social orders in the Arab world and Israel, which ultimately introduced the modern subject. Dr. Agbaria received his BA and MA from the Department of Middle East and North African Studies at Tel Aviv University. He completed his PhD in 2018 at the University of Texas at Austin.
Itamar Ben Ami is an assistant professor at the Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies at Utrecht University. His interests lie, first, in the tense encounter of theology with politics in late modernity, and, second, in a critical genealogy of the foundations of modernity through the lenses of religious traditions. Itamar's work on the Jewish Ultra-Orthodoxy and its relations to broader discourses around theology and secularism in the 20th century either appeared or is forthcoming in "Harvard Theological Review," "Modern Intellectual History," the "Jewish Quarterly Review," and "Jewish Social Studies." Itamar is currently working on two book projects, one on the emergence of Ultra-Orthodox political theology and the second on Jewish visibility and belonging in modernity. Itamar holds a PhD from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2022). Before arriving at Utrecht University, he was a research fellow and lecturer at the Humboldt University's Faculty of Theology (2020-2023) and spent a year of post-doctoral studies at the Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. Itamar is a graduate of the Ultra-Orthodox Yeshiva world.
Lihi Ben Shitrit is the incoming director of the Taub Center for Israel Studies and the Henry Taub Associate Professor of Israel Studies at The Skirball Department of Hebrew and Judaic Studies of New York University. She is also an associate professor at the School of Public and International Affairs, University of Georgia, Athens. Her research focuses on the intersection of gender, religion, and politics in the Middle East. She is the author of "Righteous Transgressions: Women’s Activism on the Israeli and Palestinian Religious Right" (Princeton University Press, 2015) and "Women and the Holy City: The Struggle over Jerusalem’s Sacred Space" (Cambridge University Press, 2020), as well as numerous articles and book chapters. Ben Shitrit’s work has been supported by various fellowships including from Harvard Law School’s Program on Law and Society in the Muslim World (2023), Luce/ACLS Program in Religion, Journalism & International Affairs fellowship (2019-2020), Harvard Kennedy School’s Middle East Initiative (2018-2019), University of Pennsylvania’s Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies (2017), and Harvard Divinity School’s Women’s Studies in Religion Program (2013-2014). She holds a PhD, MPhil, and MA in political science from Yale University, and a BA in Near Eastern Studies from Princeton University.
Yael Berda is an associate professor of sociology & anthropology at Hebrew University and a non-resident fellow with the Middle East Initiative. Previously, Berda was the Gerard Weinstock Visiting Lecturer in the Department of Sociology at Harvard University and an Academy Scholar at the Harvard Academy for International & Regional Studies, Weatherhead Center for International Affairs from 2014-2017. Berda has taught at Princeton, NYU, Tel Aviv University and Jindal Global University.
Berda’s research, teaching and public speaking in the tradition of law and society scholarship, is deeply engaged with historical legacies and contemporary politics. Her research focuses on the way bureaucracy shapes politics, and how mundane and routine practices of the state determine citizenship, sovereignty and social power. She is the author of three books and articles on bureaucracy and the state, emergency powers, and sociology of empires: "The bureaucracy of the Occupation" (Van Leer 2012), "Living Emergency: Israel Permit Regime in the West Bank" (Stanford University Press, 2017), "Colonial Bureaucracy and Contemporary Citizenship: Legacies of race and emergency in the British Empire" (Cambridge University Press, 2023).
Berda is highly engaged in public debate and civil society on and in Israel/Palestine. She’s currently engaged in research projects on the construction of loyalty of civil servants in Israel and India; the use of emergency laws to shape political economy of colonial states; how colonial legacies of administration shaped contemporary homeland security practices in postcolonial states; and legal histories of Jewish migration from the Maghreb. Berda was a practicing Human Rights lawyer, representing in military, district, and Supreme courts in Israel. Berda received a PhD from Princeton University; an MA from Tel Aviv University and an LLB (undergraduate law degree) from Hebrew University's Faculty of Law.
Michelle Campos is Associate Professor of Jewish Studies and History at Pennsylvania State University. The author of the award-winning "Ottoman Brothers: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Early Twentieth Century Palestine," she is currently completing a book on neighborhood life and intercommunal relations in 19th and early 20th century Jerusalem. Campos is also co-editing the translated memoirs of a Maghrebi Jewish public figure in Palestine and is co-directing an National Endowment for the Humanities collaborative research grant, “Reimagining Jewish Life in the Modern Middle East.”
Julie E. Cooper is a senior lecturer (the Israeli equivalent to an associate professor) in the Political Science Department at Tel Aviv University. Her research interests include the history of political theory; early modern political theory (especially Hobbes and Spinoza); secularism and secularization; Jewish political thought; and modern Jewish thought. She is the author of "Secular Powers: Humility in Modern Political Thought" (Chicago, 2013). Her work has appeared in journals including "Review of Politics, The Historical Journal, Political Theory, and Jewish Quarterly Review." She is currently working on a book project, tentatively entitled "Politics Without Sovereignty? Exile, State, and Territory in Jewish Thought," that examines modern attempts to reimagine and rehabilitate Judaism’s national and political dimensions.
Nimrod Lin received a Ph.D. in history from the University of Toronto in 2018. His research focuses on Zionist demographic and political thought during the British Mandate. He is the managing editor of the "Journal of Israeli History" and the editor-in-chief of "Israel."
James Loeffler is Felix Posen Professor of Jewish History at Johns Hopkins University. His books include "Rooted Cosmopolitans: Jews and Human Rights in the Twentieth Century," "The Law of Strangers: Jewish Lawyers and International Law in the Twentieth Century," and "A Jew in the Street: New Perspectives on European Jewish History." He co-curates the Idelsohn Project on the history of Zionism and music, and co-edits the "Association for Jewish Studies Review."
Professor Orit Rozin is the academic director of the Dan David Society of Fellows. She teaches at the Department of Jewish History, Faculty of Humanities, and is the co-editor of the "Journal of Israeli History."
Dr. Dahlia Scheindlin is a public opinion expert and strategic consultant with over twenty years of experience, specializing in liberal and progressive social causes. She has advised nine national campaigns in Israel and has worked in 15 other countries. Dahlia conducts research and policy analysis on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, regional foreign policy, democracy, human rights and civil rights, minority issues, religion and state, domestic political analysis, comparative conflict and comparative politics. Her clients include local and international civil society groups, think tanks and political actors. She has regional expertise in the Balkans and Eastern Europe, particularly post-conflict societies and transitional democracies.
Dahlia holds a PhD in political science from Tel Aviv University and has taught at Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Tel Aviv University, the Jezreel Valley College, and Eastern Mediterranean University in Cyprus. She is a co-founder at +972 Magazine and is a member of the Advisory Board of Jewish Currents magazine. Dahlia is currently a fellow at The Century Foundation; she co-hosts The Tel Aviv Review podcast and in 2021 co-hosted the Election Overdose podcast at Haaretz newspaper where she now has a regular column; she is also a regular commentator on global affairs for the BBC television program Context. Her work has appeared in the New York Times, the Washington Post, Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, Newsweek, Time, The Guardian/Observer, Dissent, Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, The Washington Quarterly, among other venues. Her book, "The Crooked Timber of Democracy in Israel: Promise Unfulfilled," will be published in September 2023.
Aviram Shahal received his doctoral degree (Doctor of Juridical Science) from the University of Michigan Law School. He is currently a visiting scholar at the Center of Jewish Studies at Harvard University. Shahal has LLM (Master of Laws) degrees from Michigan Law School and Tel Aviv University's Faculty of Law. He received his LLB (Bachelor of Laws) degree from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Shahal’s areas of interest include legal and constitutional history, comparative law, law and literature, history of Zionism and the impact of demographic changes.
Adane Zawdu Gebyanesh is a cultural sociologist. His research focuses on how categories of difference structure our social and political experience, with a particular interest in ethnic and racial categorization. He received his PhD from the sociology department at the University of Connecticut. In his dissertation, titled “When Rituals Migrate: A Study of The Relationships Between Collaborative Cultural Practices and Social Ties Among Ethiopian Immigrants in Israel,” he explores how individuals and communities sustain resources and skills in the face of the precarious conditions of migration.
During 2020-2021 he was the Jonathan Shapiro postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Tel Aviv University. In 2021 he became a postdoctoral research fellow at the Polonsky Academy for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences at The Van Leer Jerusalem Institute. During his Polonsky Fellowship, he is working on a project titled "The Changing Structure of Difference: The Working of Ethnic and Racial Categories Among Ethiopian Migrants in Israel, 1977-2020." The project examines the changing relations between ethnic culture and skin color among Ethiopian Israelis, from the early years of migration to present day.